In this guide, we’ll explore the evolution of Egyptian fashion, iconic elements of traditional costumes, the symbolism behind specific attire and accessories, and how you can put together an authentic or inspired Egyptian costume for any occasion.
The History of Egyptian Fashion
Egyptian fashion evolved over thousands of years, heavily influenced by the climate, social hierarchy, and religion. Ancient Egypt’s dry, hot climate led to lightweight clothing that was often made of linen, a breathable fabric spun from the flax plant. Linen was not only comfortable but also easily accessible, and it became the primary material for Egyptian costumes.
Egyptian society was divided into various social classes, and this hierarchy was reflected in the clothing people wore. The working class typically wore simpler, plain linen garments, while the wealthy elite and royalty adorned themselves in elaborate, intricately designed clothing, often dyed in vivid colours and accessorized with luxurious jewellery.
Clothing in ancient Egypt wasn’t just about fashion; it was also deeply symbolic. Many of the garments and accessories worn by the Egyptians carried religious or political meanings, signifying power, divinity, and protection.
Key Elements of Traditional Egyptian Costumes
1. The Shendyt (Men’s Clothing)
One of the most common garments worn by men in ancient Egypt was the shandy, a kilt-like wrap-around skirt that tied at the waist. Depending on the wearer’s social class, the shendyt could be simple or highly ornate. Pharaohs and nobles often wore elaborately pleated sheets made from fine linen, while commoners wore simpler versions.
The shandy was typically paired with a bare upper body, although wealthier Egyptians might wear a light tunic or cloak. Pharaohs and high-ranking officials sometimes added a long, transparent overskirt to signify their elevated status.
2. The Kalasiris (Women’s Clothing)
For women, the most iconic garment was the kalasiris, a form-fitting sheath dress that extended from the chest or shoulders to the ankles. The kalasiris was often sleeveless or had narrow straps, and like the shandy, it was usually made from linen. Women of higher status wore finely woven kalas irises adorned with pleats, belts, and intricate beadwork.
Over time, variations of the kalasiris emerged, with some styles featuring long, flowing sleeves or fringed hems. Wealthy women also wore shawls or cloaks draped over their shoulders, adding an extra layer of elegance to their outfits.
3. Pharaoh Attire
Pharaohs were regarded as divine rulers and often dressed in garments that symbolized their god-like status. In addition to the shandy, pharaohs were known for their elaborate headdresses, including the names, a striped headcloth that became an iconic symbol of Egyptian royalty. The names were often adorned with the uraeus, a rearing cobra emblem representing protection and sovereignty.
Another key element of pharaoh attire was the wesekh collar, a broad, ornate collar made from gold, semi-precious stones, and glass beads. This collar not only signified wealth and power but also had protective and religious connotations, as it was often associated with the gods.
Pharaohs also carried symbols of power, such as the crook and flail, which represented their role as both protector and provider for the Egyptian people.
4. Queen and Goddess Costumes
Egyptian queens, such as Nefertiti and Cleopatra, were renowned for their beauty and their luxurious attire. Their costumes often mirrored the pharaohs’, featuring elaborate dresses, jewellery, and headdresses. In addition to wearing the kalasiris, queens often adorned themselves with golden diadems, elaborate crown-like headdresses, and intricate bejewelled collars.
Cleopatra, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, is especially well-known for her dramatic style. Her depictions in art and film often include lavish robes, serpent-shaped arm cuffs, and a heavy emphasis on makeup, particularly the famous kohl-lined eyes.
Costumes inspired by goddesses like Isis and Bastet often feature flowing robes, gold accents, and regal accessories. Isis, the goddess of motherhood and fertility, is frequently depicted with a throne-shaped crown or a sun disk with cow horns, while Bastet, the feline goddess of home and fertility, may be represented with cat-like elements such as ears, whiskers, or animal motifs.
Symbolism in Egyptian Costume Accessories
Egyptian costumes are often as much about the accessories as they are about the clothing itself. The Egyptians used jewellery, headpieces, and other adornments to symbolize power, protection, and connection with the divine.
1. The Ankh
The ankh is one of the most well-known symbols from ancient Egypt and represents eternal life. Often depicted in art and carried by deities, the ankh is a cross-like shape with a loop at the top and was frequently worn as an amulet for protection and longevity.
2. Scarab Beetles
Scarab beetles were another important symbol in ancient Egyptian culture, representing transformation, rebirth, and protection. Jewellery featuring scarabs was common, and these beetles often appeared in necklaces, rings, and amulets.
3. Headdresses and Crowns
Egyptian headdresses and crowns were worn by both royalty and deities. The blue crown or war crown was worn by pharaohs during battle, symbolizing military power. The pschent was a double crown combining the red crown of Lower Egypt and the white crown of Upper Egypt, symbolizing the unification of the two regions.
For women, elaborate headbands, diadems, and crown-like adornments were often worn, symbolizing divine authority or queenly status. Gold, feathers, and gems were commonly used to embellish these headpieces.
4. The Wesekh Collar
The wesekh collar, worn by both men and women, was a broad collar that lay flat against the shoulders and chest. Made from rows of beads, gold, and semi-precious stones, the collar was not just a decorative piece; it was believed to provide protection and a divine connection to the gods.
Creating an Egyptian Costume: Modern Interpretations
When putting together your Egyptian costume, you can choose between a historically accurate look or a more creative, modern interpretation. Here’s how you can create both styles:
1. Historically Accurate Egyptian Costume
- Men: To create a traditional men’s costume, start with a white or beige shandy made from a lightweight fabric like linen. Pair it with a bare chest or a simple linen tunic, and add a Nemes headdress, sandals, and a broad week collar for authenticity.
- Women: A classic kalasiris is the foundation of a historical women’s costume. Use white linen for the dress and accessorize with a diadem, week collar, and bracelets. You can also add a shawl or cape for extra flair.
2. Glamorous Egyptian Costume (Inspired by Cleopatra or Nefertiti)
- Women: Opt for a more luxurious look with a flowing, gold-trimmed dress, paired with a jewelled belt and serpent arm cuffs. A Cleopatra-style headdress or golden crown adds drama, and don’t forget bold eyeliner to complete the look.
3. God or Goddess Costume
- Men or Women: Dress as an Egyptian deity by adding divine symbols such as the ankh, scarab jewellery, or an ornate crown. Flowing robes, gold accents, and dramatic makeup will elevate your costume to godly proportions.
Conclusion
Egyptian costumes offer a rich and visually striking way to step into the history and mythology of one of the world’s most fascinating ancient civilizations. Whether you’re dressing up as a pharaoh, queen, or deity, the timeless appeal of Egyptian attire lies in its combination of comfort, beauty, and deep symbolism. With the right elements, your Egyptian costume can capture both the elegance and mystery of this remarkable culture.
